古くから、貧困の原因については様々な説、主張があって、錯綜しているが、次のような「貧困の悪循環」の視点は重要である。
「貧困のため教育を受けられない」⇒「教育がないので安定した仕事につけない」
「安定した仕事につけない」⇒「貧困のために教育が受けられない」。

そこで、貧困を解消するには、「貧困の悪循環」を断ち切ることが必要で、そのために、子どもに対する教育を充実し、特にジェンダー不平等の中で差別されている女性に教育を受けさせることが重要であるとされる。

パキスタン出身のマララ・ユスフザイは、子ども、特に女性に対する教育を重視してSNSを使った主張を広めていたが、2012年にテロリストの襲撃で重傷を負い、イギリスで治療を受けた。そして、2013年7月12日、国連本部で次のスピーチを行ない、2014年に世界最年少でノーベル平和賞を受賞した。

In the name of God, the most beneficent, the most merciful.

Honorable UN Secretary General Mr. Ban Ki-moon, respected president of the General Assembly Vuk Jeremic, honorable UN envoy for global education Mr Gordon Brown, respected elders and my dear brothers and sisters: Assalamu alaikum.

Today it is an honor for me to be speaking again after a long time. Being here with such honorable people is a great moment in my life and it is an honor for me that today I am wearing a shawl of Benazir Bhutto. I don't know where to begin my speech. I don't know what people would be expecting me to say, but first of all thank you to God for whom we all are equal and thank you to every person who has prayed for my fast recovery and a new life. I cannot believe how much love people have shown me. I have received thousands of good wish cards and gifts from all over the world. Thank you to all of them. Thank you to the children whose innocent words encouraged me. Thank you to my elders whose prayers strengthened me. I would like to thank my nurses, doctors and the staff of the hospitals in Pakistan and the UK and the UAE government who have helped me to get better and recover my strength.

I fully support Mr. Ban Ki-moon the UN Secretary General in his Global Education First Initiative and the work of the UN Special Envoy Mr. Gordon Brown and the respectful president of the UN General Assembly Vuk Jeremic. And I thank all of them for the leadership they continue to give. They continue to inspire all of us to action.

Dear brothers and sisters, do remember one thing: Malala Day is not my day. Today is the day of every woman, every boy and every girl who have raised their voice for their rights.

There are hundreds of human rights activists and social workers who are not only speaking for their rights, but who are struggling to achieve their goal of peace, education and equality. Thousands of people have been killed by the terrorists and millions have been injured. I am just one of them. So here I stand. So here I stand, one girl, among many. I speak not for myself, but for those without a voice can be heard. Those who have fought for their rights. Their right to live in peace. Their right to be treated with dignity. Their right to equality of opportunity. Their right to be educated.

Dear friends, on the 9th of October 2012, the Taliban shot me on the left side of my forehead. They shot my friends, too. They thought that the bullets would silence us, but they failed. And out of that silence came thousands of voices. The terrorists thought they would change my aims and stop my ambitions. But nothing changed in my life except this: weakness, fear and hopelessness died. Strength, power and courage was born.

I am the same Malala. My ambitions are the same. My hopes are the same. And my dreams are the same. Dear sisters and brothers, I am not against anyone. Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group. I am here to speak up for the right of education of every child. I want education for the sons and daughters of the Taliban and all the terrorists and extremists. I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there is a gun in my hand and he stands in front of me, I would not shoot him. This is the compassion that I have learned from Mohammed, the prophet of mercy, Jesus Christ and Lord Buddha. This the legacy of change that I have inherited from Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela and Mohammed Ali Jinnah.

This is the philosophy of nonviolence that I have learned from Gandhi, Bacha Khan and Mother Teresa. And this is the forgiveness that I have learned from my father and from my mother. This is what my soul is telling me: be peaceful and love everyone.

Dear sisters and brothers, we realize the importance of light when we see darkness. We realize the importance of our voice when we are silenced. In the same way, when we were in Swat, the north of Pakistan, we realized the importance of pens and books when we saw the guns. The wise saying, "The pen is mightier than the sword." was true. The extremists were and they are afraid of books and pens. The power of education frightens them. They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them. That is why they killed 14 innocent students in the recent attack in Quetta. And that is why they killed female teachers and polio workers in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa. That is why they are blasting schools every day because they were and they are afraid of change, afraid of the equality that we will bring into our society. And I remember that there was a boy in our school who was asked by a journalist, “why are the Taliban against education?" He answered very simply by pointing to his book, he said, “a Talib doesn't know what is written inside this book."

They think that God is a tiny, little conservative being who would send girls to hell just because of going to school. The terrorists are misusing the name of Islam and Pashutun society for their own personal benefit. Pakistan is a peace loving, democratic country. Pashtuns want education for their daughters and sons. And Islam is a religion of peace, humanity and brotherhood. Islam says that it is not only each child's right to get education,rather it is the duty and responsibility.

Honorable Secretary General, peace is necessary for education. In many parts of the world, especially Pakistan and Afghanistan, terrorism, wars and conflicts stop children from going to schools. We are really tired of these wars. Women and children are suffering in many ways in many parts of the world.

In India, innocent and poor children are victims of child labor. Many schools have been destroyed in Nigeria. People in Afghanistan have been affected by the hundreds of extremism for decades. Young girls have to do domestic child labor and are forced to get married at early age. Poverty, ignorance, injustice, racism and the deprivation of basic rights are the main problems, faced by both men and women.

Dear fellows, today I am focusing on women's rights and girls' education because they are suffering the most. There was a time when women activists asked men to stand up for their rights. But this time we will do it by ourselves. I am not telling men to step away from speaking for women's rights, rather I am focusing on women to be independent and fight for themselves.

So dear sisters and brothers, now it's time to speak up. So today, we call upon the world leaders to change their strategic policies in favor of peace and prosperity. We call upon the world leaders that all of these deals must protect women and children's rights. A deal that goes against the rights of women is unacceptable.

We call upon all governments to ensure free, compulsory education all over the world for every child. We call upon all the governments to fight against terrorism and violence. To protect children from brutality and harm. We call upon the developed nations to support the expansion of education opportunities for girls in the developing world. We call upon all communities to be tolerant, to reject prejudice based on caste, creed, sect, color, religion or gender to ensure freedom and equality for women so they can flourish. We cannot all succeed when half of us are held back. We call upon our sisters around the world to be brave, to embrace the strength within themselves and realize their full potential.

Dear brothers and sisters, we want schools and education for every child's bright future. We will continue our journey to our destination of peace and education. No one can stop us. We will speak up for our rights and we will bring change through our voice. We believe in the power and the strength of our words. Our words can change the whole world because we are all together, united for the cause of education. And if we want to achieve our goal, then let us empower ourselves with the weapon of knowledge and let us shield ourselves with unity and togetherness.

Dear brothers and sisters, we must not forget that millions of people are suffering from poverty, injustice and ignorance. We must not forget that millions of children are out of their schools. We must not forget that our sisters and brothers are waiting for a bright, peaceful future.

So let us wage, so let us wage a glorious struggle against illiteracy, poverty and terrorism, let us pick up our books and our pens, they are the most powerful weapons. One child, one teacher, one book and one pen can change the world. Education is the only solution. Education first.

Thank you.

その後、マララ・ユスフザイは、2017年にイギリス、オックスフォード大で哲学・政治学・経済学の課程を学び始め、22歳となった2020年に修了している。

ここから見ても教育と貧困の関係は重要なことは明らかであるが、実は教育自体が貧困を解消させるのではない。仕事・雇用による所得獲得が、貧困解消に繋がるのである。つまり、貧困の原因には、仕事・雇用が不足しているという問題があり、これが解消されないと、教育を受けても仕事・雇用を確保できる保証はないともいえる。ミクロ経済学では開発経済学とは異なって、教育の問題はあまり出てこないが、仕事・雇用という所得獲得の機会は、その重要課題となっている。

ここで考えてもらいたいのは、市場と商品と労働の関係である。どのような市場取引、貿易の在り方が、雇用機会を創出することに繋がるのか。雇用機会を生み出す源泉は、商品生産であるが、生産に伴い雇用機会を増加させるには、どのような技術が有効であろうか。お互いに生産を増やし、雇用機会を確保するには、どのような交易をしたらばよいであろうか。

市場と商品と労働の関係を簡単化しつつ整理すると次のようになる。雇用機会を生み出す源泉は、商品生産であるが、生産に伴い雇用機会を増加させるには、資本集約的技術よりも、労働集約的技術の方が適している。お互いに生産を増やし、雇用機会を確保するには、公益を盛んにすることが必要であるが、そのためには需要を増加させることが求められる。限定された地域や限定された商品だけを扱う市場では、需要は限られてしまうから、自由な取引、国際交易を進めて、多数の種類の商品を市場で供給し、それを消費者が自由に選択できるという多様性が必要となる。

貧困状態の開発途上国では、労働は豊富にあるが、資本が少ないために、一次産品と軽工業品を生産して輸出する工業化戦略が採用されるかもしれない。そうなれば、先進工業国から機会を輸入し、さらなる工業化を進めて雇用機会を増やすことができる。つまり、貿易の在り方は、開発途上国が原料や労働集約財を輸出し、先進工業国から工業品や資本集約財を輸入するのである。これは、船員工業国からみれば加工貿易だが、開発途上国の視点も加味すれば「垂直貿易」「産業間貿易」と言われる。 しかし、開発途上国が工業化を進めれば、次第に工業製品の部品や、一部の資本集約財の生産も行うようになり、先進国との間の貿易も「水平貿易」となる。また、企業の海外生産、グローバル化が進展する中で、交易の在り方は、産業間貿易から「企業内貿易」に変化する。つまり、貧困状態の開発途上国と先進工業国の格差が大きい時には、下と上の垂直分業がみられるが、開発途上国の工業化が進展すれば、水平分業へと変化する。

工業化戦略で扱った一次産品輸出、輸入代替、輸入代替、輸出指向工業化の話は、垂直貿易・産業間貿易、水平貿易・企業内貿易と関連した交易・市場取引と関連しているのである。

市場で売り手（供給者）と買い手（需要者）が取引をする市場が国際的になった時、それを貿易という。輸出・輸入も国内取引の延長線上にあるが、商品と貨幣が交換される際に、外貨という通貨の問題が出てくるのが面白い。そして、一次産品を製品化する工業化、産業革命は、市場とどのように関わってくるのかを考察してもらいたい。

Virtual Lecture Series鳥飼行博研究室アジア写真集やVirtual Classバーチャルクラス掲示もご覧ください。

＜レポート課題サンプル＞

講義コンテンツとテキスト『開発と環境の経済学―人間開発論の視点から』「第４章　工業化戦略」「第６章貿易と国際分業」を引用しながら、一次産品輸出、輸入代替、輸出指向工業化といった工業化戦略が、垂直貿易と水平貿易、垂直分業と水平分業、産業間貿易と企業内貿易と関連していることを説明しなさい。そして、貧困を解消するための雇用機会の創出を促進するには何が必要かを説明しなさい。

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大学での講義「社会環境論」「マクロ経済学」「ミクロ経済学」は、持続可能な開発を、グローバルとローカルの双方の視点で、成熟社会、開発途上国、地域コミュニティを、経済学的に分析する授業です。現実的な問題を扱いながら、経済理論とその論理的展開を可能にする能力、批判的検討能力を身につけるのが目標です。

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連絡先： torikai@tokai-u.jp
〒259-1292　神奈川県平塚市北金目4-1-1
東海大学教養学部人間環境学科社会環境課程
鳥飼 行博　TORIKAI Yukihiro
HK,Toka University,4-1-1 Kitakaname,Hiratuka
Kanagawa,Japan259-1292
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